The model 5–predicted InPen 20 series is obtained from a cross-validated form of model 5, as described in the text. Plot of observed InPen 20 and the model 5 prediction of InPen 20 for all LLAP-band snapshots used in the study. The minimum correlation coefficient (strongest correlation) in this plot is between InPen 20 and the thermal advection at + 25 hPa (i.e., 25 hPa below Z i), with a correlation coefficient of −0.77. 4, the solid black line (dashed black line) indicates the value of the correlation coefficient corresponding to a p value of 0.01 (0.05) correlation coefficients falling left of this line are statistically significant at the 99% (95%) confidence level. Data below 950 hPa were not consistently available and were omitted.Ĭorrelation coefficient between InPen 20 and thermal advection (i.e., potential temperature advection) at and at several pressure increments above and below. The minimum correlation coefficient (strongest correlation) in this plot is between thermal advection at 850 hPa and InPen 20, with a correlation coefficient of −0.78. Note the pronounced minima at 850 hPa, indicating a strong correlation between InPen and CAA at this level. The solid black line (dashed black line) indicates the value of the correlation coefficient corresponding to a p value of 0.01 (0.05) correlation coefficients falling left of this line are statistically significant at the 99% (95%) confidence level. Ĭorrelation coefficient between InPen and thermal advection (i.e., potential temperature advection) as a function of pressure level. The mean value of lake surface power production is, and the mean value of DTAP is. A solid line with a slope of unity and a dashed line with a slope of one-quarter are included to facilitate comparison between the two power sources. ![]() Scatterplot of DTAP vs lake surface power production for all LLAP-band snapshots. The purple triangles and associated black numbers denote the locations of the NEXRAD sites that contributed to the reflectivity images used in the study, with the numbers representing the following sites: 1, Buffalo, NY (KBUF) 2, Binghamton, NY (KBGM) 3, Montague, NY (KTYX) 4, Albany, NY (KENX) and 5, Burlington, VT (KCXX). The yellow circles mark the approximate launch locations of OWLeS research radiosondes used to corroborate the NARR data. The black rectangle outlines the NARR averaging rectangle used in this study. The red diamonds mark the endpoints of LLAP bands at the 20-dB Z threshold used in this study (i.e., InPen 20 points). The white letters denote the following topographic features: TH, Tug Hill Plateau SL, Saint Lawrence valley MO, Mohawk Valley and AD, the Adirondacks. Geographic and topographic features and terrain height (m MSL) of the study region, with LLAP-band endpoints plotted. The method for measuring InPen 20 is illustrated in (b). ![]() Note the large difference in inland penetration of reflectivity between (a) or (b) and (c). NEXRAD equivalent radar reflectivity factor (reflectivity) images, depicting an LLAP band at three different times.
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